Tales of a Kremlin Digger Review Essay Example

Stories of a Kremlin Digger Review Paper Article on Tales of a Kremlin Digger Bizarre thing a book I didn't care for, and I score it set higher. As is commonly said, for the credit. A credit is extremely one of a kind for our occasions it is the main book distributed by us after the appearance of opportunity of the press, which was conveyed in copy, and dynamic. Flow, say, deferred out and about from a portion of the common press in the capital. They brought a couple of duplicates, and there is to such an extent that nothing could doterpet individuals and let Photocopier. At that point, on receipt of dissemination in Moscow, the procedure of independently publishing securely doused, yet certainty is actuality - .? Since the late eighties this has not occurred with any book So what is it With regards to my run of the mill biased perspective, so that is the thing that. Some notable names of celebrated government officials: Yeltsin, Putin, Voloshin, Chubais, Nemtsov, still some there, all in all, every one of those whom I have by and by just observed on TV and about which just the Internet is something out there perusing. Concurring Tregubova for reasons unknown, they don't care for one another and construct each other a wide range of difficulty called the plots, and in corresponding with these classes with their everything except Yeltsin, energetically needed to lure the very Tregubova. In any case, it is every one of them severed (even Putin himself) and composed a book, which mentioned to us what they were deceptive and untrustworthy and totally didn't even men of honor. For this she, of course, attempted to render retribution, yet vengeance she evaded by sheer karma, in spite of the fact that it stayed without work and upkeep. And this with a wide range of deliciou s insights regarding which, obviously, nobody could never compose. So, disgusting doggy face of intensity turned out in the entirety of its magnificence. We will compose a custom exposition test on Tales of a Kremlin Digger Review explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Tales of a Kremlin Digger Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Tales of a Kremlin Digger Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Why not enjoyed? Since it isn't understood that she needed to impart. What they there far from anyone's regular field of vision restricted strategies are utilized? Also, that we are kids, and that we are in their workplaces in the equivalent doesn't hold. Astonished. The way that they are there and more canines? A male who isn't from men? No, you let me know, who isn't a pooch? The way that such strategies the nation has no cheerful future? In any case, is the eventual fate of all may rely upon the government officials? This is identical to stating that the climate relies upon the conduct of forecasters. Coincidentally, I have one companion forecaster, an uncommon charlatan and a womanizer famous and expert, said important. So what's happening with I? It isn't important, men of their word, to irritate ladies goodness, don't! this is another motivation behind why I put this book an ideal score.

Short Answers on Merchants of Cool Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Short Answers on Merchants of Cool - Coursework Example 3) â€Å"Marketers need to discover an approach to Seem Real† implies that the advertisers need to give a feeling that they are ‘real’ by leading lives that the youngster age can relate to. They need to embrace mentalities that to adolescents see as ‘cool’. 5) To counter the falling appraisals in 1990s, MTV received ethnography study. In this investigation, MTV concentrated on learning the youngsters by visiting their homes and gathering individual data. They did this by posing them individual inquiries and experience their effects, for example, their music collections. The specialists additionally engaged in the teens’ lives by going with them to social places, for example, to clubs. These exercises were recorded as they happened afterward, they were meant video cuts that were introduced to MTV’s the board. Midsection is the character slanted to adolescent young ladies. It is exceptionally sexualized, modern and populates TV programs, for example, Cruel Intentions. An adolescent and animalistic carried on character then again marks the â€Å"mook†. The Mook is a misanthropic, unrefined, and very furious youthful. 7) The framework intended to engage the â€Å"MOOK† keeps the teens’ under relentless reconnaissance. This enables the specialists to decide the things that trigger the teens’ feelings and activities along these lines comprehend them better and 9) To defeat the opposition, advertisers need to grasp the test and market the items despite their insufficiencies. For example, on account of Insane Clown Posse, MTV promoted their music persistently despite the fact that the class of music they made spoke to viciousness, foulness and sexism. Today, the band has become a major name in the music business. 10) Marketers have gone excessively far in their endeavors to offer to the young. Each advertiser has their variant of what ought to be seen as cool. This readymade form of ‘cool’ has removed the teens’ capacity to concentrate on their

Obtaining Customer Loyalty Detailed Guide on How to Charm Your Customers into a Long-term Relationship

Obtaining Customer Loyalty Detailed Guide on How to Charm Your Customers into a Long-term Relationship Customer loyalty is the biggest investment factor that a brand should focus on. If your customer is happy, he or she is a returning customer and a returning customer multiplies your profit ratios exponentially. The formula is quite simple, but the process of building customer loyalty is the hardest part.In modern times, it isn’t enough to welcome your customer with a smile or to throw plenty of discounts around to appease them. Every brand is doing it and the customer sees nothing new to be loyal to your brand. Hence, by reading this guide, you’ll understand the various ways on how you can attract your customers without losing them to a fellow competitor.WHY CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IS THE #1 THING FOR ANY BUSINESSLet’s say you enjoy fishing at your nearby lake and when you arrive there, you find that the lake is crowded by other fishermen trying to bait fish. The chance of you catching fish has been reduced drastically and that’s because everyone is fishing at the same lake ins tead of finding their own fishing spot. The lake represents the tried and used advertising approach, the fishermen are obviously brands trying to reel in their customers.Finding customer loyalty is like fishing except don’t try to bait your customers, as your customers are actual humans with a valid thinking mind of their own. If they find out that you’ve been sugarcoating your product, that’s one less customer that permanently rejects your brand. Here’s an example to demonstrate why customer loyalty is such an important factor to branding.Let’s say you’re an apple vendor with 3 crates of apples. Each crate contains 10 apples and you end up selling 20 apples on any given day and you throw out the remaining 10 rotten apples. Now, your neighbor decides to set up shop next to you with exactly 3 crates of 10 apples each. He also manages to sell only 20 apples a day but instead of throwing out the remaining 10 apples, he comes up with a great idea. He decides to give his cust omers a “Buy 2 Get 1 Free” offer. Undoubtedly, your sales will begin to dwindle, and your neighbor will dispose of all 30 apples on any given day, but he also receives something valuable in return â€" Customer Loyalty!His customers will always return to him to get the incredible discount of buying 3 apples at the price of 2. They will also spread the word to their loved ones about why they should buy their apples from him. In the end, he can decide to remove the discount and he’ll still have the loyalty of his customers due to the freshness of his apples and by the promise of future discounts.Customer Loyalty Programs: What are they and do they work?Customer loyalty programs are a form of tactics employed by businesses to secure returning customers by offering additional discounts, exclusive merchandise, and flash sales. Basically, the brand throws a spotlight on you to make you special and the star of their brand. Most customer loyalty programs are usually accessed by a membe rship card that is either a lifetime card or is renewable at a given period. A customer loyalty program seeks to understand the buying pattern of the customers. So, let’s say you’ve been buying a lot of video games from eBay, then you receive monthly and weekly newsletters catered around video game discounts. In this way, the brand profits by creating a selective product list catered around the customer to increase sales and the customer benefits by receiving jaw breaking discounts to stay loyal to the company.A report by the Australian Graduate School of Management suggests that not all loyalty programs work in securing customers. Loyalty programs with discounts and long-term customer value are among the real winners. The remaining loyalty programs with gift coupons scoreless among customers. The reason for this is because customers don’t really care about something in the future that they can’t foresee, they prefer a discount today. They’d rather accept a discount of 10% on a television today, rather than taking a discount coupon of 40% for a television that releases the next month. The report states that long-term customer value is among the most valuable factor for customers. If a brand recognizes an old customer and provides specially catered products for them or provides them with a lifetime discount, then customers are bound to choose the brand over others. A brand should also reward shoppers that buy the most in any given period to ensure they feel special. Throw in a prize of a luxurious trip to an exotic location and in the long run, the shopper will remain loyal to your brand.To help you out, here’s a checklist to consider when launching your customer loyalty program. Customer Loyalty Program Checklist Determine the type of audience you’d like to attract Have a specific goal every month. (E.g. 10-15% increase in customer sales)Automate customer loyalty programs. (E.g. Applications such as LevelUp Belly)Compare your customer loyalty p rogram with your competitorsEngage your audience on social media platformsReward the top shoppers of your brand every month with travel vouchers or free giftsThrow in complimentary gifts from time to time to reward new shoppersReach out to your customers by email to notify them of new offers on their customer loyalty programLong-term customers should be rewarded with frequent discountsCreate tier-based loyalty programs. (E.g. Bronze, Silver, Gold, Diamond, etc.)Surprise all members of your customer loyalty programs on their special occasions (Birthdays, Anniversaries, etc.)Don’t wait too long to reward your customersOptimize and monitor your program continuouslyCustomers Build Positive Brand AwarenessIf your brand connects with your customer with great products and exceptional after sales service, your customer will be the one handing over the free business to your brand. This type of advertising is often the best advertising as it’s completely unbiased and is based on the feedb ack from your customers to their friends and family. Convert biased advertising into unbiased advertising using the simple formula below.Brand Advertising -   Lead Generation -   Customer Acquired -   Customers Enjoys Product - Customer refers product -  Brand gets free unbiased advertisingHere are ways to get customers to be advertisers for your company.TestimonialsTherefore, it’s so important to have a post-sales feedback form and have your customers write a testimonial for your site. Offer a small freebie to your customers in return for their time in writing a 200-word testimonial. Freebies such as extended warranty period or free deliveries for the next 3 orders or even a free product that you launched. Remember every positive customer testimonial should also be posted on review websites such as â€" Yahoo Local Listings, Yelp, and Google Places for Business. Customers don’t read reviews from your website to decide, hence, they usually search your business on a popular review site and compare user testimonials to see how your product has been received. Referral programsWhy do referral programs work so well in the market?If your friend were to request you to walk down the street and pick up a chocolate bar for him, would you do it? Many of us would refuse while citing a lack of time or that they should get it themselves. Now if your friend were to provide you with an incentive such as splitting half the chocolate bar with you, the deal would be irresistible. Referral programs work on the same basis â€"You bring the company business through referring family and friends. The company then rewards you with various perks and added discounts. We all love freebies and getting things at a discount, so we automatically spread the word for a brand as it takes just a few minutes of vouching for a good word for the brand. Now referral programs come in mostly 3 ways â€"1. Customer ReferralThis is the most common type of referral. Every time you open an app or website , you’ll have a referral section located. Clicking this takes you to a page with a list of rewards for each tier of referral you achieve. Here’s a sample.Bring in 10 customers â€" Experience 10% discount on all products for a monthBring in 100 customers â€" Enjoy 15% discount on all products for a yearBring in 1000 customers â€" Lifetime discount of 10% discount on all productsCustomer referral programs are meant for shoppers to have a convenient way to send out a referral message. Always ensure the referral program has access to all the popular social media plugins for the customers’ convenience. Customers don’t like it when they must spend 2-3 minutes tinkering around to send the referral out and will generally feel it’s not worth their time.2. Affiliate StrategyWhen customers want to truly represent a brand and take things forward with an actual partnership. Affiliate marketing is the best way forward. Affiliate marketing is different from customer referrals since the c ustomer enjoys a portion of the profits of the sales they make. Most customers tend to write detailed product reviews to alert other customers on the usefulness of your product and refer them back to your site for a possible sale.Example. As an affiliate marketer, if you convince 10 people to buy a smartwatch priced at $1500, the brand will pay you a portion of the sale to you. In this case, let’s assume you make 10% from the watch. That’s $150 per smartwatch, so you effectively made back $1500 for selling to 10 people as affiliate revenue.Always provide a good percentage in the range of 10%-25% on a product. Every review that is written for your product will attract a host of customers if the reviewer is popular. You must make it worth their time to write a detailed review of your product.3. Influencer MarketingThis type of referral method is new, and customers tend to influence an item via a video guide. Simply target a loyal customer who has a YouTube channel or is known to a ttract a lot of customers through their own brand. Schedule a discussion and ask them if they would be interested in influencing your product for an endorsement amount. If interested, the customer can utilize your products during their own showcase reel. Here’s an example. Imagine a well-known YouTuber is doing cooking videos and enjoys using your products. Get in touch with them and ask them to endorse your range of cooking products such as butter, cream, milk, and other products during the video. Every time there is a few seconds of screen time of your products, your product is being actively advertised without your own actions. However, the product should come out as natural as possible. Hence, only choose popular shoppers that have bought your item out of their own interest. Don’t go around hunting for people to endorse your brand. This becomes paid advertising and comes under biased advertising.Now that we understand how important customer branding is to your business and w hy unbiased advertising is crucial to building a loyal customer base. Let’s learn how to maintain this critical relationship with your customers.8 RULES FOR GAINING A LOYAL CUSTOMER BASE FOR LIFEThey say loyal customers are the golden ducks to any business. Not only do they provide the annual sales, but they also spread the word like fire around town if they trust your brand. A single loyal customer is equal to 100 casual shoppers. Here’s why:A loyal customer will always consider your brand as their first choice when shopping for a productLoyal customers will always actively take part in your marketing campaigns and check in for latest product launchesLoyal customers will always buy your latest products even if there aren’t any reviews on the product as they trust your brandLoyal customers also tend to leave a positive overall impact on your business by bringing in other customers who have the potential to become loyal customersLoyal customers also stand by your product during times of negative publicity So, let’s learn how to keep converting a normal customer into a loyal customer for life. And maintain a loyal customer without losing them.1. Be honest even if it means no profit for the businessThe rabbit is out of the box. Modern customers aren’t foolish and with the digital age as their weapon, it’s quite easy to weed out the lies that you’ve been feeding them. Don’t promote your brand or products based on falsifying information. For example â€" If you’re trying to sell a potato peeler, don’t market it as an all-in-one vegetable peeler. If your customer finds out that your potato peeler doesn’t work on other vegetables. They’ll never trust your brand ever again and will warn their friends and family to stay clear of a deceiving brand. In this way, you’ve just lost your primary customer + potential customers that could have bought from you in the future.Your brand’s authenticity should be clear and consistent. Don’t just deliver one outstanding product and a string of failures. Consistency is the key. Your customer should expect the same level of exceptional quality that they did since the first year of buying your products. In fact, very few companies are upfront with their customers about the drawbacks of their product. Here’s are some points to note on how to win your customers loyalty by being honest with your product.Many businesses don’t provide a disadvantage column to their products and only list the best points. Add a drawback column and your customers will trust you for being open about it. Don’t add hidden fees during checkout. Make sure to provide clear prices including tax and other delivery information. It’s okay to charge a delivery fee but be transparent about it from the beginning. Customers don’t like to know they enjoy free delivering only to be thrown a surprise fee at the checkout counter Make a great product and price it well. In the long run, a costly product will be accept ed by your customers compared to a cheap product that is priced at half the rate and breaks just as easily. One of the best ways to be honest with your product is to provide excellent after-sales service. Customers love a company that backs their products with a smooth system that accepts product returns without hassles Always provide a 14-day money back guarantee for your products, in case your customer doesn’t like the item Always electronically test your products before you ship them. You don’t want a string of refurbished items lying in your warehouse. All the above points refer to a company that is honest to the cause. Obviously, you’re in the business to make profits, the customer already understands this. All they seek is transparency from the company, the more information and clear your product and brand is, the better the chance you’ll convert loyal customers for life using the honest approach. 2. Keep in Touch with Your CustomersAs discussed earlier, loyalty progra ms are a great way to incentivize your customers and understand their likes and dislikes through their product purchase history. Always have an active interest with your customers and provide them a catered list of products via weekly newsletters or through social media campaigns. Building customer loyalty takes time and once you’ve remained in touch with your customers. You’ll surely win their appreciation in time.Here are 5 proven ways you can stay in touch with your customers.1. Email newslettersEmail newsletters are a non-intrusive way to stay in touch with your customers and update them on your products and blogs. It’s necessary to not spam customers with random articles that aren’t targeted towards their purchasing trends. For example, if a customer has bought 10 t-shirts and 5 jeans in the past year, it’s best to send newsletters targeted towards upcoming clothing sales and other fashion promotional schemes.2. Birthday wishesA birthday is a special day for your cust omers. Knowing a company cares enough to remember their special day is enough reason to remain loyal to your brand. Send them a discount coupon or a gift by mail. A simple automated greeting is all it takes to win their hearts. If you want to go the distance, you can even send personalized greetings cards over to their homes.Here are a host of ways to send birthday greetings to your customers â€"Provide a special sale of products for your customer based on their shopping historyVirtual gifts such as e-books, webinars, or calendars are great ways to wish your customersHold a special raffle contest for customers with birthdays on the same dayDonate to charity and then refer them to the link to show them your appreciationFor the top 10 shoppers, have a team from your office send a video with personalized greetings3. Product Sneak PeekCustomers love a company that offers sneak peeks to their most loyal customers. To make them feel special, send them a special offer via any of these foll owing methods â€" Utilize Instagram stories to show the picture of your latest product, don’t reveal it fullyWrite an ambiguous Facebook post claiming about a product that is being launched. Try not to spoil the surprise and keep the descriptions to yourselfPost a tweet on twitter about the product launchSocial media is the best way to demonstrate sneak peeks as you’ll have many loyal fans that are subscribed to your brand’s product page. A single tweet, post, or image will reach out to millions and they will be able to share their excitement with their friends and family by sharing it.4. Making recommendationsCustomers will need help from you when making purchases. Hence, to keep a loyal customer around, you’ll need to understand their taste buds by analyzing their buying patterns and constantly providing them with recommendations. Some examples are â€"If a customer is looking to buy a TV, give them a listed recommendation of everything that would go well with a TV such as an HDMI port cable, a wireless remote, Amazon’s firestick, Google Chromecast, etc. This way the customer will feel the need to pick up another product along with the television and will be able to provide positive feedback thanks to your timely recommendation. Another way to recommend is to send an email to your customer after a few weeks have passed since a purchase. In this email, provide information on the latest products that complement the purchased product or are going to be launched. Customers will enjoy receiving dedicated product advertisements related to their purchased items.5. Quick response for support queriesFinally, when a customer isn’t satisfied with your product, they’ll usually be trying to get in touch with your support section. It’s your duty to ensure the customer receives the help in the timeframe that you’ve promised. After the resolution, it’s necessary to stay in touch with your customer by sending a feedback form asking them to rate the resolut ion as well as the product’s functionality. This allows you to assess how likely the customer is going to buy from your brand and if they are willing to give your brand a chance in the future? If your customers are satisfied the chances are that they will be returning customers and by staying in touch with them, they’ll surely turn into long-lasting loyal customers. Here are a few pointers to follow â€"A timeframe for support should be kept between 24 to 48 hours. Any longer than 48 hours and your customer will be dissatisfied with your brandIf providing after-sales service through chatbots, follow-up with the customers with a phone call and ask how satisfied they were with the automated service system Provide as many options as possible for support such as an easy to reach helpline number, a 24/7 online chat system, an email system with an automated response mail providing the time and complaint no, etc.3. Exceed Their ExpectationsAsk yourself this important question â€"What ma kes Amazon, Apple, Samsung, and other multi-million-dollar companies so successful? While the short answer is a “brand image”, the long answer demonstrates that to build a brand image, you’ll first need to woo the customer and build a solid loyal customer base that trusts and respects your brand. If you can successful surprise your customers by exceeding their expectations, you’ll reap success. To meet customers’ expectations is something a lot of companies can achieve, to go beyond and shock the customers with their products â€" now that’s a challenge only a few companies are capable of and that’s how the above-listed companies have built their brand.If you’re looking to exceed customer’s expectations of your product, here are some ways to do it. 1. Collecting FeedbackHow much do you know about your customer’s satisfaction rate? How would you know if your support staff is treating your customers in a respected manner?How would you possibly know if your customers even like your products? Customer feedback is one of the best methods to directly know what your customers are thinking behind your product. Provide a rating slider from 0-to-10 and ask them to rate their answers between this scale. Here is a set of questions created for you to give you an idea. How likely are you to purchase from us again? How likely are you to recommend us to your family and friends based on your current experience?How smooth was the checkout process?Were you happy with our range of products? How likely are you to use our app/website for future purchases?If you’ve experienced our support section previously, how was the experience like? How quickly was the resolution process initiated by our support team?How well did our product serve your purpose?As far as value for money is concerned, how would you rate our products?How easy is it to navigate through our products?How detailed was the information provided on the product’s description?2. Initiate the best trai ning program for your employeesTreating your customers in a respectful manner is something every employee from the bottom ranks to the top should know in your company. Hence, to begin attracting loyal customers, start by training your staff with an impactful training program that’ll affect the way they converse, explain the problem, and finally, resolve an outstanding issue. When your employees are well-mannered and respectful, the result is automatically shown by your customers providing positive feedback and recommending your company to their peers. Now imagine, if a customer call representative were to talk rudely to a customer? The customer would stop buying from your company and worse, if they decide to make the recording public, the whole world will know the type of customer support service that is being run by your company and this will add to negative publicity.In order, to gain the trust of your customers, always start with your internal staff and empower them with your l eadership aura.3. Focus on your customer’s needsGive your customers what they want. Don’t try to impress them in areas that aren’t relevant to their purchasing experience. If a customer is interested in purchasing your table knives, ensure your knives are sharp and can cut through meat and vegetables in an efficient manner. Don’t bother wasting time in spending time in designing the packaging when the product itself is lacking.Focus on the statistics to give you an update on the way customers analyze their trends. Here are 15 statistics, sourced by V12 DATA.About 41% of online shoppers will always search for a testimonial before making a purchase.75% of customers prefer buying from retailers or brands that they recognize53% of buyers rely on Facebook to make their buying decisions61% of customers abandon their checkout carts due to hidden costs being revealed during checkout (delivery fees, tax charges, convenience charges, etc.)59% of e-commerce shopping is done on mobile p hones61% don’t return to a site that they can’t load the first timeTop 3 traffic sources â€" Organic traffic comes at 22%, email traffic contributes to 20% and 19% of all internet traffic comes from CPC (Cost-per-click ads)Youngsters spend 50% of their time shopping on sites while the older individuals spend an average of 4 hours per week on shopping96% of the entire American population has made a purchase online at least onceWith these numbers, you’ll have an idea on how customers channel their purchase trends and how you can take advantage of that. In this way, if you can affect your customer in a positive way, you’ll surely have a loyal customer base in no time.CONCLUSIONDon’t take customer loyalty for granted. Refusing to stay consistent with your customers can cause you to lose your loyal customers to other brands. The modern shopper is hard to please and even harder to retain. It takes a committed level of satisfaction from your side to be able to impress them enough to ensure they remain with your brand. Loyalty is earned not bought, so don’t waste time with meaning advertisements without the proper products to back them up.

Marriage Guidelines - How to Arrange Marriage in India

Marriage through Matrimony Site / Newspaper Advt in India ? --- say -- Never. Why ? In and around Kolkata 70% of the marriages arranged through newspaper advt, are facing break down within 1 year. Wife lodges criminal cases under 498A. Police arrest the entire family of husband. Finally compromise is done for Rs 10 to 25 lakhs for withdrawing the case. If the marriage is not properly matched the entire family is affected. Many people are victim. If you are an unfortunate husband or his family member (like me), you will suffer the following cases by the wife. 1. Section 498A of the IPC (arrest of entire husband-family, without bail) 2. Domestic Violence Act 2005 (against male in-laws with maintenance and residence) 3. Section†¦show more content†¦Earlier no marriage suffered break down because the marriages were done through responsible social mechanism. The social system itself was responsible. An ideal arranged marriage requires two comparable families and a matchmaker (ghatok). His role is crucial. Marriage is a social phenomenon, it requires social procedure. Unless it is properly done the same is bound to failure. The traditional matchmaker (ghatok) acts as the intermediary. He is socially responsible to both the parties and makes adjustment between two families. Don’t think it is an easy task. It is a tremendous task he performs. Here lies the secret of successful marriage under traditional system. Therefore avoid the newspaper advertisement or marriage negotiation agency. Instead revive and continue the traditional system. Many families are ruined and destroyed. So step carefully. I am your well-wisher. Before Arranging Marriage- When you arrange any marriage, please search certain important things. Know the past-behavior of the girl or boy from his or her neighbours and if possible, from class-mates of his or her college. This is one of the best ways to know the background and future behaviour of the husband or wife. 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Stalin Modernising the Ussr - 2155 Words

Stalin: Modernising the USSR Joseph Stalin is now remembered as one of the most ruthless and powerful dictators of all time. His regime was one of terror and oppression, and resulted in the deaths of millions of Soviets. As a young man, Stalin was involved in the revolutionary movement against the Russian monarchy. In 1904, he met Lenin at the first national Bolshevik conference in Finland before becoming the delegate to the Social Democratic Party. His job was to gather support for the Bolshevik cause among poorer workers. In the period after the revolution of 1905, Stalin led fighting squads in bank robberies to raise funds for the Bolshevik Party. Stalin was appointed a member of the Bolshevik Central Committee in 1913. He then†¦show more content†¦Each region was told its targets. It then allocated specific targets to different factories. The managers gave the tasks to the workers. If targets were not reached workers would be punished. Similarly, good workers were well-rewarded. There were actually medals for the best workers of the year. The plans seemed complicated, but were divided in such a way that every worker knew exactly what he had to do. Each five-year plan dealt with all aspects of development: capital goods (those used to produce other goods, like coal, iron, and machinery), consumer goods (e.g. chairs, carpets, and irons), agriculture, transportation communications, health, education, and welfare. The emphasis varied from plan to plan according to the circumstances. The First 5-Year Plan (1928-1932): Here, Stalin emphasized on the production of what was known as group A goods. These included machinery, weaponry, chemicals, and heavy industries (coal, iron, oil, and electricity). He believed that they were necessary for the security of the USSR against Capitalism. The USSR had a rich supply of natural resources. Most of them were located in very cold regions, so were never minded. Stalin sent workers and built cities from nothing. Huge steel mills appeared and a hydroelectric plant was constructed to supply the energy needs. In only four years, 50% of the USSR had been industrialized and national income had increased from 27 billion roubles to 45Show MoreRelatedLenin Laid the Foundation for Stalinism Essay2452 Words   |  10 Pageswhich Stalin was in power would have argued that each one answers the other. Similarly, Western historians saw Lenin as an important figure in the establishment of Stalin’s socialist state. This can be partly attributed to the prevailing current of pro-Stalin anti-Hitler sentiments amongst westerners until the outbreak of the cold war. As relations changed between Russia and the rest of the world, so did the main historical schools of thought. Following Stalins death,Read MoreTo What Extent Were the Purges Caused by Stalins Paranoia?4348 Words   |  18 Pageswriters accept that he [Stalin] initiated the Great Terror†[ii] however historians are careful to acknowledge that Stalin’s paranoia is not the only factor in the creation and continuation of the Purges and the Great Terror. Nevertheless, it can be argued that Stalin’s paranoia did play a vital part. But there are other factors that need to be taken into consideration when referring to the purges that were not linked to Stalin’s paranoia. Most of these factors do link back to Stalin however but not directlyRead MoreThe Great Leap Forward By Joseph Stalin1991 Words   |  8 Pagesindustrial superpower that would surpass Western countries within fifteen years. The ‘Great Leap Forward’ model was borrowed from the model used by Joseph Stalin in the USSR of an â€Å"enterprise that was evaluated on the basis of ‘success indicators’†¦ items produced, quantity of labour used and amount of raw materials depleted†. Mao wanted to adapt the ‘Stalin Model’ of controlled planting and production with the Asian idea of ‘collectivisation’ in mind, ultimately creating China into a self-sufficient industrialRead MoreThe Nuances Of The Ukrainian Conflict3781 Words   |  16 Pagesalbeit with violations almost daily. The common narrative, at least the one put forward by Ukraine and much of the West, is one of Russian aggression. Russia, afraid of losing its influence over its former colonies and refusing the accept the modernising, pro-Western ambitions of the Ukrainian people, artificially engineered a rebellion through propaganda and blatant lies, labelling the protestors in Kiev as fascists and Neo-Nazis, then moved in its own troops under the guise of disgruntled localsRead MoreLenin13422 Words   |  54 PagesSecond * Third * Fourth | Leaders[show] *   Ã‚  Gracchus Babeuf *   Ã‚  Karl Marx *   Ã‚  Friedrich Engels *   Ã‚  Peter Kropotkin *   Ã‚  Rosa Luxemburg *   Ã‚  Karl Liebknecht *   Ã‚  Antonio Gramsci *   Ã‚  Vladimir Lenin *   Ã‚  Leon Trotsky *   Ã‚  Joseph Stalin *   Ã‚  Leonid Brezhnev *   Ã‚  Kim Il-Sung *   Ã‚  Mao Zedong *   Ã‚  Deng Xiaoping *   Ã‚  Ho Chi Minh *   Ã‚  Palmiro Togliatti *   Ã‚  Josip Broz Tito *   Ã‚  Fidel Castro *   Ã‚  Che Guevara | Related topics[show] * Anti-capitalism * Anti-communism * Cold

Admiral Grace Murray Hopper Free Essays

Grace Hopper graduated from Vassar College in 1928 with Phi Beta Kappa and a Vassar College Fellowship. She went to Yale University, where she earned an M. A. We will write a custom essay sample on Admiral Grace Murray Hopper or any similar topic only for you Order Now in 1930, and a Ph. D. in 1934. She also went to New York University as a Vassar Faculty Fellow in 1941. In December 1943 she was sworn in, and in May 1944, she joined the U. S. Naval Reserve and attended the USNR Midshipman School. Later she was commissioned as a Lieutenant and ordered to the Bureau of Ordinance Computation Project at Harvard, this is where she learned to program computers. In 1946, she went to inactive duty, then was recalled to active duty August 1967. She was appointed on 8 November 1983 as Commodore; the title of that grade changed to Rear Admiral on November 1985. She also was a senior mathematician at Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corp. in Philadelphia, and programed the UNIVAC I, the first commercial large-scale electronic computer. She stayed untill when it was bought by Remington Rand and latter merged with Sperry Corporation. At her retirement ceremony aboard the U. S. S. Constitution in Boston, Navy Secretary John F. Lehmann Jr. resented Admiral Hopper with the Distinguished Service Medal. More than 40 colleges and universities have conferred honorary degrees on Admiral Hopper, and she has been honored by her on several occasions. She was the recipient of the first Computer Sciences â€Å"Man of the Year† award presented by the Data Processing Management Association. Her entry in â€Å"Who’s Who† requires 34 lines to thumbnail her accomplishments, appointments, and honors. Grace Murray Hopper spent a lot of time tring to prove that something that’s never been done before isn’t impossible. This lead Hopper to invent the first computer â€Å"compiler† in 1952. This software made the first automatic programming of computer language easier. Before, programmers had to write lengthy instructions in binary code for every new piece of software. Because binary code consists solely of 0’s and 1’s, it was difficult for programmers to get through their long tasks without a lot of mistakes. Hopper knew there had to be a solution. She wrote a new program that helped software developers from having to write binary code. Each time the computer needed instructions that were common to all programs, the compiler would have the computer refer to codes in its own memory. The compiler great advance for the computer world. After this she also invented COBOL, the first user-friendly business software program. She retired in 1986 and was remembered for questioning the impossible. She had a Ph. D. in mathematics and physics from Yale University. In her office, she had a clock that ran counterclockwise as a reminder that most problems have more than one solution. How to cite Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, Essay examples

Project Management Methodologies Described-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Definition Of Methodology And The Role It Plays In Project Management? Answer: Introducation The methodology refers to the stringently described combination of the rationally affiliated practices, techniques along with processes which figure out how you can plan, develop, and manage in addition to providing of the Finance all through the continuous means of implementation until successfully completing as well as termination (Charvat, 2003). The intent behind the project methodology would certainly to let the control over the entire management process by way of effective decision making as well as problem solving at the similar period making sure the success of the particular practice, strategies, methods as well as technologies (Kerzner, 2013). Furthermore, the methodology typically offer framework to explain each part of detail, to allow the task supervisor who can understand what to accomplish to provide and also implement the work based on the schedule, the budget offered and requirement of the customer (Charvat, 2003). When it comes to the project management the methodol ogies acts as the guideline throughout the project, where it provides one step to follow as well as targets to meet the startup of the project and the completion. Moreover, methodologies are important because they help to prevent any failure and help in the reduction of the risks (Kerzner, 2013). The methodology offers tools which make the project manager work to be much easier. It contains the definitions, guidelines, as well as template for different project management activities which are needed in the delivery of the successful projects. Project methodologies Various project methodologies can be utilized to the project management basing on the scope and the requirements of the project. The methodologies are agile and the waterfall. Waterfall methodology: The use of this waterfall methodology of the project management focus on the use of the teams in the project which is an important aspect (Bowes, 2014). Additionally, this methodology ensures that there has been establishment of the goals and they is timeline which is established (Kerzner, 2013). Each team is provided with different assignment of the project and they are accountable that they are completed. Agile methodology: the use of this methodology aims at empowering of the teams. Moreover, it encourage the involvement of the client to the project to enable any changes or risk that needs to be made on the tasks (Bowes, 2014). The basic function of this methodology is that it improve on the teams, and there is monitoring of the project all throughout the tasks where there is responsiveness to the changes. Comparison between the Agile and the waterfall methodologies When it comes to the comparison of these methodologies it is important to understand that they are both designed in order to place the framework of the structure over the development of any new project (Kerzner, 2013). Moreover, both of these methodologies the owner of the project is responsible in defining of the scope of the product and the team are responsible to realize the goals are implemented to achieve on the project (Cicmil, Williams, Thomas Hodgson, 2006). Other similarities on these methodologies is that both result to the business of the project and they are tailored depending on the needs of the clients. Additionally, it is important to note that the methodologies use teams who play a significant role in the achieving of the project and these individuals are greatly empowered. The contrast of the Agile and waterfall methodologies When it comes to the Agile methodology it prefer that the client is present all throughout the period of the project whereas on the other side the waterfall methodology does not require the client to be always available but rather only at the milestone stage (Kannan, Jhajharia Verma, 2014). Another contrast between the two is that the agile methodology generally welcomes on any specific change, however these alterations arrives at a cost, or a schedule, and this could work best when the scope is not identified yet (Kannan, Jhajharia Verma, 2014). Alternatively, with regards to the waterfall it generally functions whenever the scope continues to be recognized in advance, or maybe when the terms of the contract is confronted with the minimal alterations (Cicmil, Williams, Thomas Hodgson, 2006).The last difference is that the agile methodology prefers a small number of dedicated team who are coordinated well but when it comes to the waterfall methodology it prefer the coordination of the team to be limited up to the handoff point. How to the chosen methodologies and the process relate to the project life cycle The selected methodology along with the procedures for the task life cycle is the agile method. It is essential to select on the life cycle which could work best for the process. This really is an essential strategic selection given that generating on an alternativethat is misguided could lead to outcomes that are devastating (Kannan, Jhajharia Verma, 2014). The agile methodology provide across the life cycle as well as support the fast paced development. This offers organization an edge when it comes to the delivery of the various project. This choice continue to be dependent on the adjustment which is prototyping and also offers the client with the much better perspective of the project by regarding them in the act to ensure that adjustments could be made where necessary. References Bowes, J. (2014). Agile vs Waterfall: Comparing project management methods. internet: https://manifesto. co. uk/agile-vs-waterfall-comparing-project-management- methodologies, 17. Charvat, J. (2003). Project management methodologies: selecting, implementing, and supporting methodologies and processes for projects. John Wiley Sons. Cicmil, S., Williams, T., Thomas, J., Hodgson, D. (2006). Rethinking project management researching the actuality of projects. International Journal of Project Management, 24(8), 675-686. Kannan, V., Jhajharia, S., Verma, S. (2014). Agile vs. waterfall: A comparative analysis. International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research, 3(10), 2680- 2686. Kerzner, H. (2013). Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons.

Market Segmentation Essay Example

Market Segmentation Essay Market segmentation is defined as a company which are trying to divide the market into different parts according to its distinct needs,resources,locations and buying attitudes. It have four main tpoics:segmenting consumer markets,business markets,international markets and requirements for effective segmentation. I think the most interesting part of market segmentation is consumer markets segmentation. Different consumers have different needs according to geographic,demographic,psychographic and behavioural variables. If the consumer markets can be divided extinctly according tothose four parts, it will become easier for the company to meet the different needs of the consumers to raise the efficiency of the company and can also make their production comprehensive. It is a good way to improve the economic level of a company. Market targeting is the step after market segmentation. After the market is divided into different part, the company will evalute the various segments, trying to decide how they can serve the segmens best. I also has three factors: segment size and growth,segment structural attractiveness and company objectives and resources. In my opinion, I think the factor that empahsize on companys obkectives and resources is the most interesting part. Although the company may have the ambitious to develop its market in a very attractive segment, it is likely to be dismessed becaused of the limit of the cmpanys resources and objectives. If the company lack the skills or the company ignored its long-run objectives, it is hard to succeed. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Segmentation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Market Segmentation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Market Segmentation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Position is the way the product is defined by consumers on important attitudes. The place the product occupies in consumers mind is accordng to its competing products. Consumers nowadays like to buying products according to the brand position in their mind, such as safety, confort, luxury and so on, which I think is a way I am interested in. According to this phenomenon, the company care trying to establish their own brand image in the consumers mind in order to attract them. I think the most difficult thing for me to understand in market segmentatin is how a company can divide so many consumers in different groups. Because in todays society, peoples needs are various, it is hard to gather everyones interest in one place. Also in position, i is hard for me to underatand how a company can extinct themselves with thier compete company with the brand. It is usual for people to compare the products before they buying them. What can we do to make the consumers choose our product with the brand in the consumers mind?

Training and Development in the Internationally Operating Organisation

Training and Development in the Internationally Operating Organisation The work of the human resource management in internationally operating organisations is focused on the effective training and development of employees in order to increase the workers’ qualification and create the professional teams in all the departments of the company in spite of their location.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Training and Development in the Internationally Operating Organisation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From this point, internationally operating organisations develop specific training and development programs which are oriented to improve the employees’ performance and productivity along with contributing to the positive atmosphere at workplace. To guarantee the employees’ career development and professional growth, it is possible to use training and development programs which are retained centrally or handled locally. Thus, on-the-job and online training and deve lopment programs along with the cultural awareness programs are effective when they are handled locally, and workshops and seminars can be conducted centrally as well as the specific programs of assessment developed to receive the information about the definite employees’ abilities, achievements, and preferences. Training and development programs are used in companies to increase the employees’ potential and job satisfaction which often results in improving of job performance and productivity (Porter Tansky 1999). These programs are necessary to provide the employees with the opportunity to develop their career and avoid the significant gap in the employees’ qualification with the help of the appropriate training (Al Ariss 2010). From this perspective, those programs which are oriented to the unification of the work of all the international company’s departments should be conducted centrally. Internal specialists can conduct theoretical lectures and prac tical seminars and workshops in order to provide the multinational specialists with the knowledge of the specifics of the company’s work. The employees’ results and achievements should be also assessed centrally. Moreover, specific assessment programs which are conducted centrally are necessary to examine the employees’ competencies and skills with references to the company’s standards and requirements (Sims 2007). If the necessary training and development programs are not based on the company’s central office, employees do not receive the necessary knowledge about the requirements and standards followed within the organization.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Much attention should be paid to the cross-training activities and expatriate training. The focus on the international assignments as the component of the development p rograms is effective for improving the work of the local company’s departments (Bennett, Aston, Colquhoun 2000). Before receiving the training retained centrally, the employee should also complete the pre-departure training conducted locally. Moreover, all the specialists who are prepared to work in the other country should be provided with the necessary pre-departure training in spite of their position and specialization. The programs oriented to the work with the foreign language and culture are important. The role of the local training and usage of the development programs is important because of the specifics of working in the international companies. It is a difficult process to organise the participation of the majority of employees in seminars and training programs which are retained centrally. Specialists are often invited to participate in such types of the career development and training programs. However, many training programs can be available for employees local ly. On-the-job training which is conducted by the foreign specialists is effective because employees improve their knowledge and skills without interrupting their working process (Dowling, Festing, Engle 2008). According to Suutari, much attention is paid to the development of the workers’ practical abilities (Suutari 2001). The task of the human resource management is to develop the effective schedule, choosing the relevant subject for the program and appropriate number of hours for the programme’s realisation. It is also important to focus on the aspects of cross-training and job rotation as the effective methods to develop the employees’ skills and abilities. If the results of cross-training involving specialists from different departments of the international company can be assessed after the completion of training with references to the employees’ practical usage of the acquired skills, the effects of job rotation cannot be assessed immediately (Sim s 2007). Sims also states that job rotation as the effective development program is the prolonged activity (Sims 2007).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Training and Development in the Internationally Operating Organisation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Those persons who exchange their positions develop new competencies and skills. It is important to note that job rotation can be based on the local resources of the company as well as to be international, referring to the needs of the company (Goergen, Brewster, Wood 2009; Wang McLean 2007). Thus, many leaders of the international organizations practise job rotation among the specialists from different countries in order to develop the competencies and abilities of employees working in the multinational corporations. Training and development programs can be implemented in international corporations centrally or locally depending on the company’s needs , resources, and associated costs. From this point, those programs which are implemented locally are discussed as more profitable when the programs retained centrally more contribute to the increase of the employees’ qualification. That is why, the many international companies use both the types of programs to respond to the corporate needs. References Al Ariss, A 2010, ‘Modes of engagement: migration, self-initiated expatriation, and career development’, Career Development International, vol. 15 no. 4, pp. 338-358. Bennett, R, Aston, A, Colquhoun, T 2000, ‘Cross-cultural training: A critical step in ensuring the success of international assignments’, Human Resource Management, vol. 39 no. 2, pp. 2-3. Dowling, P, Festing, M, Engle, A 2008, International human resource management: Managing people in a multinational context, Thomson Learning, London.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Goergen, M, Brewster, C, Wood, G 2009, ‘Corporate governance and training’, Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 51 no. 4, pp. 461-489. Porter, G, Tansky, J 1999, ‘Expatriate success may depend on a learning orientation: Considerations for selection and training’, Human Resource Management, vol. 38 no. 1, pp. 47-60. Sims, R 2007, Human resource management: Contemporary issues, challenges and opportunities, IAP, USA. Suutari, V 2001, ‘Role of on site training and support in expatriation: Existing and necessary host company practices’, Career Development International, vol. 6 no. 6, pp.298-311. Wang, X, McLean, G 2007, ‘The dilemma of defining international human resource development, Human Resource Development Review, vol. 6 no. 1, pp. 96-108.

Jovita Critical Self-Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jovita Critical Self-Analysis Paper - Essay Example ulating my diet on food, thinking this idea would establish proper balance to achieve a sound state of mind and emotion while sustaining the right amount of energy with flexible food alternatives in the course of slimming. Charting the progress of my schemed activities, it was apparently struggling to handle a situation when some unfinished corporate / school work had to use up my workout schedule entirely or in part at least. So my tendency would be either to mix and alternate between the two or give up wholly and sacrificially on the workout if there was no good excuse to leave a bulk of tasks under emergency unaccomplished. Moreover, I noticed that when I got overstressed at work, I normally felt discouraged to exercise even after taking a few whiles of relaxation and this lack of motivation to proceed with the regimen resulted into a number of skips which made me compensate for losses on other occasions. There emerged additional trouble as I unconsciously engaged myself in exercising compulsively during these times being inclined to necessitate doubling speed or increasing counts such as in performing sit-ups, jumping, treading, and push-ups. As a consequence, I became lethargic to an extent one t ime, feeling no appetite to carry out any further activities. On the other hand, since I managed to keep the program on a regular basis and completed routine sets with enough discipline and vigor, I could sense an elevated self-esteem and fulfillment knowing that I went through a great deal of time and effort to burn unwanted fats. I observed that a portion of my cheeks turned slender and a significant layer of fat was chiseled off my waistline. Indeed I lost pounds in desired quantities for such change has enabled me to wear some old slim pants and shirts again, confident that I need not have to buy new clothes or improvise style with clothing. Eventually, this implies more savings and financial flexibility on concerns for other aspects of living. Overall, the

Human Population Ecology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Population Ecology - Essay Example As a population increase the resources become scarce. Therefore the alterations in number of births and deaths also decelerate. The human population has been growing persistently since the 1650, finally reaching a figure of 6 billion by late 1999 and 6.3 billion by 2003. Now whether this growth will continue consistently depends on ecological aspects. While ecologists might in certain circumstances feel that growth in human population might stop, in other cases they suggest that there is no permanent reason to restrain the growth. A rapid growth is supposed to have taken place owing to factors like a fast decline in death rate, modern techniques and processes of sanitation, an enhancement if growth of food facilities and distribution, improved medical care facilities and with time the improved living standards and higher level of income led the decline in birth rate to come to terms with death rate. In different European nations in 2003 the growth in human population has become negat ive or zero. As per the â€Å"medium variant forecast† of United Nations, a growth of zero percent is predicted for 2100. At that point of time, around 11 billion is the target population to be achieved. The population of the world reached one billion in 1850, two billion in another 100 years and 6.3 billion in 2003. As per Lomborg 60 percent of this growth would be skewed towards 12 nations. The regions outside Asian and African countries might not undergo the problems with population density. The population growth is highest in Asia where the zenith was achieved during 1989-91 with an addition of around 58 million births every year. The population growth has decreased gradually to 0.013 in 20032. Each individual contributes another individual to the population, which can be called the per capita rate of increase. According to the ‘Essentials of Ecology’ population growth follows an ‘Exponential Growth Model’. The rate of per capita increase in the population can also

Study of neuromarketing analysis

Study of neuromarketing analysis After having read a substantial amount of the current literature on the fascinating science of Neuromarketing, I find it hard to believe that it took so long for marketing and science to find together to create an academic field of its own right. The works of the human brain and psychology have always been a passion of mine; but my initial professional career took me deeply into the fields of marketing. In fact, I implemented marketing strategies for two of the most controversial industries today: the cigarette and the pharmaceutical industry. Although in both cases, we used the most advanced instruments of modern marketing, I was always curious if there would not be a way to market a product more scientifically than we did at that time and that was despite the fact that all companies I worked for were major global players in their respective field. So when I stumbled upon Neuromarketing in the scope of this Masters degree, I was immediately intrigued by it. Neuromarketing promises to give answers to some of the most important questions of marketing, namely why do we buy things, and what does it do to our brain? I would like to express my gratitude to Malaika Brengman who enabled to seize this unique opportunity to write this thesis. Furthermore, I would thank my mother Ayse Sayin, who kindly shared her extensive knowledge about scientific problems and supported me throughout the complete working process of this paper. Finally, I would like to thank my partner Max Obenaus, who deeply shared my interest in the subject, and whose relentless effort and stimulating discussions has enabled me to write this paper. Brussels, May 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Neuromarketing, bridging marketing and neuroscience, is a rapidly growing area of research, which introduces a scientific layer to the academic field, and hence creates some high expectations on the one hand, and a lot of critique on the other. The vast amount of data retrieved through neuroscientific analysis promises to provide a better understanding of consumer behaviour, and raises the hope that the marketing strategies of the future will be more efficient and better targeted to the consumer. In fact, the controversy around the mythical buy button shows that the scope and limitations of the scientific field of neuromarketing are not yet properly defined. The horror scenario of complete corporate control of consumer behaviour often stands in the way of a proper analysis of the risks and potentials of neuromarketing; at the same time it seems that a fundamental distinction has to be made between an academic and a corporate approach to neuromarketing. In both cases the willingness to advance the science of neuromarketing should be immense. For corporations, obviously, the prospect of exerting vast scientific control over consumer behaviour is most attractive. For the academic world, it will be a challenge on many different levels. First, it is about exploring the scientific limits of consumer analysis, taking into account the subconscious forces that are at play when a purchase is made. Secondly, and more importantly, the development of neuromarketing raises fundamental moral questions. Freedom of choice, free market and ethics need to be addressed, leading to the formulation of neuroethics. Following this, a legal framework for neuromarketing needs to be defined, which decides whether or not individual consumer rights need protection via a newly defined private sphere, or if we even trust enough the dynamics of the free market to sufficiently self-regulate these moral and legal grey areas. A literature review in this field will give an idea on the studies in this nascent science that is claiming worldwide recognition and possible areas for further research. 2. DEFINITIONS 2.1. Neuromarketing This interest in neurosciences has eventually caught the attention of both businesses and academia that are involved in a subset of economics, i.e. marketing. Being able to understand how the brain processes information and reacts to marketing stimuli, to eventually come up with purchasing decisions would provide a huge leap in marketing science as well as leading to huge profits through triggering the desired consumer responses. In other words, it would be the discovery of the well publicized buy button (Wells, 2003). As a result, marketing has also started to benefit from neurosciences. The resulting multidisciplinary science is termed as neuromarketing or consumer neuroscience. Neuromarketing is broadly defined as a sub-area of neuroeconomics that addresses marketing relevant problems with methods and insights from brain research (Fugate, 2007; Lee et al., 2007). Neurosciences could provide inputs to marketing in different areas such as providing a deeper insight of consumer behaviour and decision making processes, better understanding of advertising, a clearer make-up of branding, an analysis of the market and eventually politics which benefits from all of the above. The first use of fMRI as a marketing tool was reported by Gerry Zaltman of Harvard towards the end of the 1990s (Addison, 2005). However, the term Neuromarketing was only coined by Professor Ale Smidts in 2002, and it was not until 2004 that the first ever Neuromarketing conference was held at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston (Dawis,L. 2005). The tools and methods used for neuromarketing analysis are rapidly developing, enabling better visualization of the subconscious customer responses. Fugate indicates that the use of neuromarketing, if proven through use, has the capability of fundamentally changing how we design, promote, price, and package our products (Fugate, 2007) Consequently, neuromarketing is fast becoming mainstream, widening its applications within marketing. In fact, the increasing popularity of neuromarketing could be traced from Google, where the search for the specific word shows a phenomenal progression from just a few hits in 2002 to thousands in 2010 (Morin, 2011). 2.2. Neuroeconomics Traditional economics considers human beings as rational and unemotional beings that have stable, well-defined preferences that can make rational choices with those preferences (Camerer Thaler 1995, 209). However, the reality hardly matches this classic theory of economic modelling. The decision-making processes are highly influenced by numerous past experiences, emotions and subconscious processes, which alter significantly the expected behaviours. Kenning points out that These anomalies were not proven to have been included into the earlier theories of traditional economics which was based on rational behaviour. (Kenning Plassmann 2005, 343; Schmidt 2008, 8-9.) The developments in neurosciences in recent decades, enabling researchers to determine the physiological and neurological responses have led other disciplines to utilize the methodologies and findings in neurosciences to verify the assumptions in their own fields. Thus, the application of neurosciences to verify the assumptions of economics has led to neuroeconomics. Braeutigam defines neuroeconomics as a new and highly interdisciplinary field, drawing from theories and methodologies employed in both economics and neuroscience, aiming at understanding the neural systems supporting and affecting economically relevant behaviour (Braeutigam, 2005). Consequently, neuroeconomics uses brain research methods to understand and explain economic phenomena, as well as facilitating and promoting the integration of neurological findings into economic sciences. Sanfey points out that Although both economists and neurologists attempt to understand and predict human behaviour, they have used quite different methods in the past. Whereas economic research has tried to explain behaviour through observational data and theoretical constructs such as utility or preferences, neurology contemplates the physiological elements and somatic variables that influence behaviour. Neuroeconomics, which evolved from the combination of both disciplines, proposes an interdisciplinary approach and specifically examines the neural correlates of decision-making (Sanfey et al., 2006). 2.3 The Conscious vs. the Subconscious The importance of neuromarketing lies in the dual nature of perception processes, i.e., conscious and subconscious. We know why we take certain purchasing decisions but not the others. In fact the majority of our actions fall under the latter category. Hausel (2007) and Szymkowiak (2011) indicate two different types of brain activity which could lead to this. The conscious mind can process 40 bits per second, whereas the subconscious mechanism is much faster, processing up to billions of bits per second. Furthermore it is always at work. As a result, everything that cannot be processed by the conscious falls into the realm of the unconscious, which functions as an autopilot that takes over when the conscious cannot process any more. In fact, consciousness is closely connected to focusing attention. In that sense, what we perceive attentively for example when we listen forms the conscious perception, whereas the background noise of all types are recorded in the subconscious. A similar situation is valid for visual perception. Usually the peripheral vision constitutes the realm of the subconscious while the conscious records what we look at attentively. 2.4. Subliminal Messaging Subliminal is derived from the Latin words sub (below) and limen (threshold), referring to the perception below the threshold of human consciousness. The presentation of audile or visual images at a speed or form that cannot be identified by the target person would be perceived by the individual, though not consciously. These subconscious perceptions, whether it is audible or visual, make it possible to influence that individuals decision-making processes, without that person being aware of this activity. An expected consequence would be the possibility to persuade that individual to purchase goods or services, which he/she would not be making otherwise. Although the practice of subliminal messaging was identified at the end of nineteenth century, the widespread recognition was in 1957, when market researcher James Vicary, using the term subliminal advertising for the first time, set up his Subliminal Projection Company and made his well known pop corn/coke advertisement during a Kim Novak film shown in New Jersey. He claimed that by quickly flashing the words Drink Coca Cola and Hungry? Eat popcorn for 1/3000 of a second, at five-second intervals on the movie screen during every presentation of this film, he had influenced people to purchase more food and drinks, selling 57.8% more Coca Cola and 18.1% more popcorn. Vance Packards book, Hidden Persuaders, published the following year included this experiment and had wide repercussions. Although Vicary admitted later on that he had lied about the experiment, there were widespread sentiments against the practice. Life treated subliminal advertising as fact and discussed its potential not only in selling but also in gaining support for anti-litter campaigns and even promoting political candidates while The Saturday Review, addressed his readers: Welcome to 1984. (OBarr,2005) The widespread belief that subliminal messaging could lead to brainwashing led to subsequent banning of subliminal advertising in various countries. The publishing of the book Subliminal Seduction by Dr. Wilson B. Key in 1973, marked another outrage against subliminal advertisement, leading to limitation of broadcasting with subliminal techniques. (Lindstrom,2003) The use of subliminal messaging had also been used in politics, the most famous being the TV Ad for George W. Bush during the 2000 presidential campaign. It showed words (and parts thereof) scaling from the foreground to the background on a television screen. When the word BUREAUCRATS flashed on the screen, one frame showed only the last part, RATSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦((OBarr,2005). Music played in shops sometimes have embedded messages to spend more or discourage theft, leading to a decrease in thefts and increase in sales, which the consumer is unaware but is effective (Lindstrom, 2003) Subliminal messages could also be utilizing the associations and judgments of the consumer, fulfilling the subconscious sensory expectations from a product or service. Lindstrom argues that different aromas pumped into casinos, airplane cabins, hotel rooms, and just off the assembly line cars could be considered subliminal messaging as the leathery smell of a new car comes out of an aerosol can (Lindstrom, 2003). 2.5. The Senses Everybody perceives the surrounding world through 5 senses, that is: seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting and touching. Perception involves the reception through our sensory organs and the processing by the brain. However the perception depends not only on the external stimuli, but also on the genetic set up and residues of the previous experiences of the individual, formed by learning and memory. 2.5.1. Seeing The eyes are the visual information receptors. The impulse goes through the cornea and is projected on the retina, which is composed of a layer of millions of photoreceptors that are specialized neurons transforming the light inputs into electrochemical signals, codified in the brain. Out of the two types of photoreceptors, the rods sense motion, especially in dim light or dark, predominantly in the peripheral vision, while the cones work under intense light and are responsible for sharp details. The cones are most densely packed in the centre of the retina known as the yellow spot, producing the sharpest images. (Zurawicki, 2009) The saccadic movements of the eye enables sensing parts of a scene with greater resolution, helping build up a mental map of the scene while another eye movement, the involuntary micro saccades refreshes this image. The visual attention is focused at the upcoming target locations, shifting the activations in saccade and attention areas of the brain, some hundredth milliseconds before an eye movement, (Rolfs, Jonikaitis, Deubel Cavanagh, 2011). The saccades and micro saccades are considered to be important indicators for studying the observers specific point of interest and attention focus (Zurawicki 2009, Laubrock et al.2007) recorded with the use of eye tracking camera like electronic devices. However there are also claims doubting the validity of the use of micro saccade movements in this field Horowitz et al, 2007) Each eye directs visual signals through a million of fibres in the optical nerve to the optic chiasm, where they are integrated. After passing from the optic chiasm, the optical tracts end in thalamus, which subsequently relays them to the upper layers of the cortex. The information from the two eyes are still separate in the thalamus and get integrated in the cortex where the binocular vision is created (Zurawicki 2009). The cortex sends the re-processed signals back to the thalamus. Zurawicki states that Visual cortex is divided into 6 different areas each performing a distinct function and specializing respectively in various sub modalities of visual perception, that is: exploratory and general pattern recognition, stereoscopic vision, depth and distance, colour, complex movement, and determination of the absolute position of the object as opposed to the relative one. (Zurawicki 2009) The frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital cortex, thalamic nuclei, the claustrum, the caudate, the lentiform nucleus and the culmen, declive and vernis in the cerebellum are activated during visual perception and visual mental imagery (Ganis et.al.2004) The brain uses previously stored data from the memory, to provide meaning to what is being transmitted. The brain also has the capacity to make up for missing images, referred to as blind vision (Zurawicki 2009). 2.5.2. Hearing The sounds funnel into the ear, reaching the eardrum, which is a membrane which vibrates at different speeds, that is, the more acute the sound, the faster it vibrates. Small bones of the middle ear (the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup) amplify the signal from the membrane and transmit it to the inner ear. The coiled part of the inner ear the cochlea is equipped with approximately 16 000 hair cells, which detect each sound frequency separately and in response to it move at a certain rhythm. This activates up to 30 000 of neurons of the auditory nerve pathways which carry the sound information via the thalamus to the temporal gyrus: the part of the cerebral cortex involved in receiving and perceiving sound. Our audiary system processes all the perceived signals in the same manner until they arrive at the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe. Here when speech is differentiated from other sounds, neuronal signal is directed to the left hemisphere where the language is proce ssed. (Zurawicki 2009). Audiary neurons are specialized, some responding to high frequencies and others low. Furthermore there are some which marks the beginning and others the end of a sound. Although some process of sound focalisation take place in the ears, sound recognition through specific harmonics of the sound is performed in the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe. 2.5.3. Smelling AKÃ…Å ¾AMA YAZCEM Ä °NÃ…Å ¾ALLAH!!! 2.5.4. Tasting BUNU DA!!!! 2.5.5. Touching BUNU DA!!!! 2.6. The Brain The brain is the central processing centre for all the motor and sensory information coming from different parts of the body. The stimuli received that are processed and distributed from the brain leads to different thoughts, as well as muscular and behavioural patterns. The processing of incoming information is carried out in different parts of the brain, that is to say there is a distinct functional differentiation within the brain. However, in spite of this functional differentiation, it is important to keep in mind that the brain is an extremely complex structure with strong inter-linkages among its billions of nerve cells (neurons) that take place within the brain, and that the brain functions as a whole. In order to get a better insight into the functional neuroanatomy of the brain, it may be useful to analyse the parts of the brain the functions of which have been more or less identified. The brain is covered with an outer layer called Cerebral Cortex. Neocortex, often referred to as grey matter takes place on the outer part of the cerebral cortex, while amygdala, cingulated cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia takes place in the grey pockets located within the white matter underneath. The brain is subdivided into four lobes, and two hemispheres with the deep folds. These four lobes have different functions: The frontal lobe, located under the forehead is where organising/planning, short term memory, judgement and controlling behaviour take place. Temporal lobe, which is under the ears and temples are related to understanding what we hear, speaking and memory he. visual memory is processed. BUNUN DEVAMI GELCEK!!! 2.7. Neuroimaging 2.7.1. Psychophysiological Measurement Techniques Facial expression, heart rate and skin conductance are the most relevant methods of autonomic measurement used in advertisement research. Emotional reactions to advertisement are measured by facial electromyography, which registers facial muscle activity. In facial EMG, electrodes that register muscle contractions are placed on the corrugator and zygomatic muscles. The corrugator muscle is located above the nose close to the eyebrow and contractions in this muscle are involved while frowning. The zygomatic muscle is situated around the cheeks and controls smiling (Poels and Dewitte,2006). The research of Hazlett and Hazlett has shown that facial EMG is a more sensitive indicator of emotional reactions to TV commercials and that the facial EMG responses were closely related to emotion congruent events during the commercial( Hazlett and Hazlett,1999). However, facial EMG has the drawback of being conducted in unnatural lab settings and making the subject self conscious. Skin conductance (SC) or electrodermal activity gives an indication of the electrical conductance of the skin related to the level of sweat in the eccrine sweat glands, which are involved in emotion invoked sweating (Poels and Dewitte, 2006). Either very pleasurable or very repellent advertising stimuli evoke large SC responses. However there are considerable personal variations and factors such as fatigue, medication etc can influence SC responses (Hopkins and Fletcher, 1994). The beating speed of our heart can provide clues as to attention and arousal related to commercials as well as an indication of valance of emotional response (Poels and Dewitte, 2006). In general, positive stimuli lead to an increase in the heart rate, while the negative stimuli does the opposite. Poels and Dewitte advise not to use heart rate as the single measurement method of emotional response (Poels and Dewitte, 2006). As the heartbeat is measured from the finger, it is quite convenient for the subject and is generally considered to be an easy and cheap way to measure reactions evoked by advertising (Lang, 1994). 2.7.2. Brain imagery How brain reacts to different types of stimuli is recorded through brain imagery. The major advantage of brain imagery is its objectivity, leaving out the possible response biases. Motte defines Brain imaging as a term that encompasses a set of techniques that allows for visualization of the regions of the brain that are activated in response to a certain stimulus, and Brain imaging systems as a set of techniques that allow visualizing the regions of the brain that are activated when (emotional) stimuli are presented(Motte, 2009). There are different methods for measuring and mapping brain activities related to neuromarketing. Lewis in his 2005 article refers to three brain-imaging techniques being used in Neuromarketing as fMRI (Functional magnetic resonance imaging), QEEG (Quantitative electroencephalography) and MEG (magnetoencephalography) and considers fMRI as the one which has captured the greatest interest of the market researchers among these and has enjoyed the widest publicity (Lewis, D.2005). Morin in his recent article cites electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as the only three well established non-invasive methods for measuring and mapping brain activity (Morin, 2011) EEG, in spite of its being a rather old technology in neurology, is still considered to be a good way to measure brain activity, as it is significantly less costly. Motte points out that although the price of high quality, research-purposed EEG systems can range from $10,000 to $100,000, cheaper EEG systems exist that can cost from a few hundred to a few thousand dollars (Motte,2009) To see how EEG works, it should be kept in mind that our neural circuitry consists of over 100 billion neurons and trillions of synaptic connections. When faced with a particular stimulus, these neurons fire, producing tiny electrical currents. The brainwaves, which are the differing patterns of frequencies of these electrical currents that correspond to different states of arousal, are recorded at very short time intervals, reaching up to 10,000 times per second in some of the new EEG bands, an important characteristic when attempting to evaluate the incoming high speed information coming through our senses. However, EEG, which has become very popular among neuromarketing agencies in the last 5 years as it is considered to be helpful in assessing the value of a piece of advertising at a relatively low cost is considered by some cognitive scientists as being weak, if not dubious for the purpose of understanding and predicting the effects of advertising. (Morin, 2011) QEEG, is another brain imaging technology, which is used for neuromarketing purposes. David Lewis and Darren Bridger from Neuroco, a Neuromarketing research consultancy, have used QEEG analysing the responses of viewers to television commercials and other forms of advertising, exploring the effects of looking at happy or sad facial expressions (Lewis, D.2005) They claim that although the spatial resolution of QEEG is poor, it is capable of producing a continuous recording of the ongoing neuronal activity. The benefits of QEEG, is backed by more than 2,500 research papers published in peer reviewed journals (Rothschild M et al.,1986, Rothschild M and Hyun YJ. 1990, Smith ME and Gevins A,2004) MEG is yet another non-invasive neuro-physiological technique that measures the magnetic fields generated by neuronal activity of the brain. It measures the integrated magnetic signals emitted by activated neurons (Motte, 2011). The spatial resolution of MEG is usually superior to EEG as the magnetic signals it operates on are not as easily disturbed by the skull or brain tissues, as the electrical signals processed by EEG. MEG has been used for neuromarketing purposes, although to a far lesser extent. (Lewis, D.2005) A MEG system was used in the study of Braeutigam et al., where the team investigated real-life product choice in a retail store. (Braeutigam et al., 2001) In one study MEG was used to measure decision making among consumers in a virtual supermarket. The authors reported that the right parietal cortex became active only when faced with a preferred brand and concluded that this region was involved in making conscious decisions about shopping choices, and, perhaps, for more important life choices too. (Brautigam S et al.,2001) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines are powerful magnets that can provide an accurate internal image of the human body. The MRIs are used primarily in the functional imaging mode (fMRI), in order to monitor the miniscule blood flow changes that correspond to increased activity levels within the human brain. Visualization of the brains activity and structure is enabled by the iron content of the haemoglobin molecules within the red blood cells that carry oxygen to the brain. The increased use of oxygen of the nerve cells during excessive activity of these nerve cells, and the change in the magnetic properties of haemoglobin after it delivers oxygen to the nerve cells in the brain makes it possible to follow the signals that point out to activations in the brain. The major benefit of fMRI is that it can pinpoint these activations with millimetric precision. Many consider fMRI the best technological innovation ever developed to conduct clinical and experimental research on the brain (Morin, 2011)   The first use of fMRI as a marketing tool was reported by Gerry Zaltman of Harvard towards the end of the 1990s (Addison T.,2005). fMRI permits matching a specific product experience to the regions involved in pleasure and emotions in the brain. (Motte,2009) The studies using fMRI can be very costly as the price of these machines ranges between 1 and 3 million dollars. While a moving-image fMRI machine (acquisition cost: $2.5 million) is rented for $1,000 an hour at Emory University in Atlanta; A single experiment, which includes at least 12 participants, can cost $50,000 (Wells, 2003). When these three technologies are compared as to their applicability in neuromarketing, QEEG is mostly preferred as technology of choice in due to its being less expensive, simpler to use, and enables the recordings to be made in a wide range of natural environments. NERDEN BULDUM BUNU BEN:))BULAMAZSAM GÄ °DER!!! 2.8. Memory and Learning 2.8.1. Memory Magnetic resonance imaging 2.8.2. Learning 3. CRITIQUE AND MORAL IMPLICATIONS Martin Lindstrom, one of the most prominent supporters of neuromarketing, makes a convincing argument against neuromarketings potential to endow powerful corporations with something like a buy button to control our consumer behaviour. After all, it is nothing but a scientific tool that has to be put to right use, and it is the responsibility of whoever launches a neuroscientific study to take into account the appropriate neuroethical ground rules, , which have been discussed in the previous chapter. Ä °YÄ ° DURUYO DA NERDE DEMÄ °Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ °Z TAM OLARAK -NEUROETHICS 3.1. Academic vs. Non-Academic Research Neuroscientific research is a cost-intensive undertaking: a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) scanner alone is worth $4 million (Lindstrom, 2008, p. 8). This is where the controversy starts whose interest is behind a given multi-million neuromarketing study? The answer is simple, and it divides the field into two basic categories: academic and non-academic neuromarketing. In case of the latter, it is safe to assume that whether we are talking about a large-scale corporation or a political party, a powerful interest is behind the funding of a project, looking for a concrete result that justifies the large sum of investment. Academic studies, on the other hand, can probably be trusted to be more neutral in this respect. 3.2. The Buy Button-Myth Neuromarketing is by default a hybrid of corporate and academic culture and as such is doomed to experience much more intercultural turmoil than other sciences. Indeed it seems that in its young history, there has already been a vibrant exchange of critique among the fractions involved. The common media image of neuromarketing as the science in search of the buy button in our brain does not find much support on either side. German psychologist Frank Szymkowiak points out that neuromarketing, like other cognitive sciences, simply analyses the reactions of the human brain to cognitive stimuli. This, in his view, may lead to a more diversified and consumer-targeted use of marketing rather than it constitutes a threat to becoming to tool of omnipotence on behalf of the advertising agent (Szymkowiak, 2010, Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, p. 83). 3.3. A Shallow Science? Szymkowiaks, however, does have a critical view on neuromarketing, and it is far more detrimental than the buy button-allegation. For him, neuromarketing is shallow by nature and inaccurate in its analysis of scientific testing. When confronted with subconscious phenomena, neuromarketing indulges in some kind of catalogisation, counting bits of neurotransmission rather than looking for a qualified causal context. It recognises subconscious brain activity lacks the capacity to account for it. In this respect it is inferior to more substantial sciences such as depth psychology which, building upon the foundations laid by its founding father Sigmund Freud, is able to generate an explanation for subconscious behaviour by accounting for underlying motives of the human psyche (Szymkowiak, 2010, Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, p. 84). This lack of depth is due to a simplistic definition of the subconscious that neuro-marketeers. Here, the totality of the human brain activity is, just like computers, is captures in bits, and only 40 out of 11mio bits are actually processed by the rational part of the brain. The rest falls under the category of subconscious without any further explanation. Depth psychology, on the other hand, is said to delve deeply into the spheres of the subconsci